Grooming into Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution

Prostitute is the legal term used for a sex worker. It refers to someone who, whether compelled to do so or not, offers or provides paid sexual services to another person.

At CAAGe (the Campaign Against Adult Grooming), we are conscious that the people who approach us, as well as those who use and deliver our services, hold a range of views on approaches to prostitution and the sex industry. Some view commercial sex as inherently exploitative and harmful, a form of male violence against women. Others adopt the ‘sex as work’ view, seeing involvement as a matter of personal choice.

Whilst we will not, as CAAGe, enter into public debates on the legalisation of prostitution, or which legal models are best in order to protect society and its individuals, we are happy to share people´s views and opinions if they add to the possibility of helping those who find themselves stuck in negative cycles of abuse, exploitation or who have, until now, simply been unable to find another way.

Many believe that the terms “sex work” or “sex worker” legitimise exploitation and trafficking, and using the word “work” normalises this and presents it as the same as other jobs. When we use the term ´sex work´, we use it to reflect the transactional nature of prostitution and sexual coercion. Nothing further should be read into the term.

The NPC Sex Working Guidance Document offers the following: “People who do not consent to the activity they engage in are not to be considered sex workers. They are victims or survivors of sexual exploitation. People who do consent to sexual activity but are subject to control may not be able to give true consent.”

Whilst trafficking into prostitution is well documented, not all prostitutes are trafficked. Some statistics suggest that the figure is as low as 6%, but not all coercion into the índustry´is trafficking. Arriving at meaningful information when people are often afraid to speak up is never going to be easy.

We are able to point at first hand experiences of some of the people we have supported. The path into sexual exploitation and prostitution is far from straightforward, and the testimonies we have heard include ´boyfriends´ who geographically separate women from their families and support networks and psychologically manipulate them; models who are expected to become more than clothes horses; musicians who have used their influence to lure primarily young women into ´situations´; and some who suggest that they voluntarily chose to enter the ´profession´ to later find their autonomy removed through abusive landlords, boyfriends, employers, even family.

Sadly, too often people are promised one thing and find themselves groomed into situations where they feel coerced into prostitution or have been left by someone else’s deception in a position where they feel it’s their only way out.

CAAGe believes that people should not be sexually exploited, and that the root causes of exploitation need addressing.

CAAGe exists to help adults who have been groomed, and in this case into prostitution/sexual slavery. This means that even if someone has ostensibly willingly found their way into prostitution - perhaps escort work to pay off bills, or thinking that it´s an easier way to earn more than behind the till at McDonalds - if they have been duped or lured into something they wouldn´t have wanted to do otherwise, or persuaded into something by someone with more power than them, we aim to help them find the right support for them.

We hope, however, that the information on this page will be useful in helping a wider audience than this to find the help and support that they need.

A few statistics:

  • There are believed to be as many as 80 thousand ´sex workers´ in the UK (Government Enquiry stats, 2019), although a BBC article placed this as high as 100 thousand.

  • Figures suggest that 6-11% of prostitutes are male. There are no statistics available on the trans community, although at CAAGe we have been made aware that the trans community can be vulnerable. In the governments 2017 LGBT research survey, “Some trans respondents said they had undertaken sex work to pay privately for gender reassignment and related treatment due to waiting lists for GI clinics”.

  • At least one in ten British men over the age of consent claim to have paid for sex at least once (Government Enquiry statistics)

  • Number of prostitution offences in England and Wales 2002-2024, published July 25, 2024: 184 offences of soliciting for prostitution were recorded in England and Wales in 2023/24 (compared with 2,111 offence in 2002/03).

person in chains

How groomers trap people into sexual exploitation and prostitution

  • Jewel's self portrait

    Jewel´s story: Every year thousands of women are trafficked to European cities and put to work having sex with men. Jewel, a young Nigerian, excitedly accepted a job in care work in Denmark. She managed to escape the harsh reality thanks to two chance meetings.

    Story from the BBC

  • IMage from bbc video - Ope

    A man offered Ope (name changed) help to leave her life in Nigeria and find work abroad as a nanny, or in a factory.

    Following a hellish four-day trip by boat, with little food or water,she was put to work on the streets of Madrid, where she was raped.

    She was then transferred to the UK by her traffickers. This is her story, by the BBC

  • arrow through heart

    Jayne’s angry boyfriends forced her onto the streets, supposedly for ruining some of his drugs during an argument.

    Vicki’s boyfriend didn’t even pretend to have an excuse.

    Bothe were supported to leave by Barnardos.

    They tell their stories to The Northern Echo

  • Sex Worker Immigration Scandal

    When charitable institutions are just a front: charities are apparently reviewing millions received from trust, the Hamish Ogston Foundation, as its chair becomes embroiled in a ‘sex worker immigration scandal’.

    Interesting for the power and wealth held by one individual, who abused it.

  • Stories from the Sex Trade by Renee Van der Zee and Mons van den Berg, in which Dutch sex workers, pimps and johns share their stories offering an insight into how people find themselves trapped into prostitution.

  • Modelling is an often used way to lure women, particularly young ones, into trafficked situations.

    Stop the Traffik looks at the cases of Liliana del Carmen Campos Puello, who trafficked at least 250 young women (as well as putting the industry into context)

The Legal Situation (Prostitution)

  • Hand with condom

    Know your rights: a guide for prostitutes

    It’s legal to be a sex worker in the UK . . . but working together and virtually anything you need to do to contact a client, is illegal.  

    This guide by The English Collective of Prostitutes covers your legal rights

  • Handcuffs

    The UK Sexual Offences Act 2003

    The text of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, on the UK legislation site.

  • "sex"

    Is Prostitution Legal in the UK?

    “In the UK, with the exception of Northern Ireland (where buying sex is illegal), the law around prostitution is considered a grey area.”

    This Politics.co.uk ´Issue Brief´ takes a pragmatic look at the reality of the situation.

  • Scottish Law on Prostitution

    Scottish Laws on Prostitution differ to that of England and Wales, notably that prostitution is viewed through the lense of VAWG (Violence Against Women and Girls)

    Whilst this approach may exclude as many as 10% of sex workers on the basis of their sex/gender, this document is very informative for anyone wanting to understand the legal position of prostitution in Scotland

  • Scottish pound

    Prostitution: What is the law in Scotland, and what do campaigners want to see changed?

    The Scotsman looks in depth at Scottish laws relating to prostitution and what campaigners want changing.

  • Scales of justice

    Northern Ireland´s Laws on Prostitution

    Northern Irelands laws differ yet again to England & Wales and Scotland.

    Their approach appears to address prostitution as a part of trafficking: Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland) 2015.

    It is not a crime to sell sexual services or to “loiter or solicit for the purposes of offering services as a prostitute in a street or public place”.

    It IS a crime to keep or manage a brothel or control prostitution for profit.

  • The National Referral Mechanism (England and Wales)

    The instructions given to referral agencies when identifying human trafficking, the national referral mechanism (NRM).

    This should be seen as information, not as a recommendation to engage/consent or otherwise.

  • bureacracy flow chart

    Additional information NRM inc NI and Scotland,

    Additional information on instructions given to referral agencies when identifying himan trafficking.

    Please note that this information is mandated by the Home Office and UK Immigration authorities.

    This information is provided as background and should not be seen as a recommerndation to engage/consent or otherwise.

  • Eye on red lights

    Laws against 'Pimping'

    Those who direct or control prostitution commit four main offences:

    1. Trafficking for sexual exploitation

    Section 2 Modern Slavery Act 2015 

    2. Controlling prostitution for gain

    Section 53 SOA 2003 

    3. Causing or inciting prostitution

    Section 52 SOA 2003 

    4. Keeping a brothel

    Section 33A SOA 1956 

  • question mark

    Trafficking Victims not Referred for Support

    A report by the Independent questions the effectiveness of police raids for helping victims of trafficking.

    (Dec 2022)

  • "Not Safe Here"

    Not Safe Here

    Rape Crisis’ joint report with Imkaan, October 2024, reveals systemic failures to protect women and children from sexual violence and abuse in asylum accommodation (and the protection of abusers).

Useful Resources -for people working in prostitution

  • "Blocked: a sex workers guide to combatting stalking and harrassment"

    A Sex Workers Guide to Stalking and Harrassment

    This is a 34-page PDF from the SWARM Collective for sex workers on digital security, setting boundaries with clients, legal definitions of different kinds of stalking/harassment and where to seek help.

  • Your guide to the NRM

    Migrants Organise Guide to the NRM

    An illustrated, clear guide created by Migrants Organise, explaining clearly the NRM process and what it means to victims of madern slavery if they report

Useful Resources/find out more - general

  • "Sex"

    Survival Sex: Understanding and Reconnecting

    Beyond the Streets´ free resource and training on ‘survival sex’ for professionals working in statutory and charity support services. 

  • What is the Nordic Model?

    The Nordic Model of policing prostitution is increasingly being favoured, notably across the EU. It criminalises buyers rather than sex workers.

    Researcher Dr Niina Vuolajarvi, Assistant Professor in International Migration, European Institute, LSE, takes a deep dive.

    (23 May 2023)

  • Want to know how to make sex work safe? Ask sex workers

    Niki Adams, spokeswoman for the English Collective of Prostitutes, which has campaigned for decriminalisation and safety for sex workers since 1975 writes a well informed comment piece for Politics.co.uk

  • distant exit door

    Putting Women First

    Research shows that nine out of ten involved women want to exit prostitution.

    This article takes a look at how a team of experts is providing support to local authorities assisting women in exiting prostitution

  • Sweat shirt with wording related to human trafficking

    Why Human Trafficking Cases are so Hard to Prove

    A USA Today video which offers insight into the challenges of getting justice for victims who are trafficked into prostitution

Sources of Support

  • Beyond the Streets works alongside and, on behalf of, women who sell sex.

    This is a Christian Charity which tries to embrace new theories, models and ideas on how to partner with people affected by prostitution. They aim not to perpetuate the dynamic of ‘victim’ and ‘rescuer’.

    Beyond the Streets

  • Eaves is a charity which tries to help transform the lives of women facing violence.

    Their programme London Exiting Action (LEA) works with adult women in London who are seeking to exit prostitution.

    Eave´s LEA

  • Programmes and support services to help women who are being, or who are at risk of being, sexually exploited and involved in sex work or ‘survival sex’.

    IRIS

  • NUM is a UK-wide charity working with sex workers to do research, design and deliver safety tools and to provide support services to people in adult industries - a growing community of thousands of sex workers sharing information to keep each other safe.

    National Ugly Mugs

  • Project that has been supporting sex workers for 20 years: OASIS PROJECT

  • Rape Crisis England & Wales is the feminist charity working to end child sexual abuse, rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment and all other forms of sexual violence.

    They are on record as having helped women escape from trafficked situations, and are an organisation that CAAGe trusts profoundly to find the right help.

    Rape Crisis England and Wales

  • Rape Crisis Northern Ireland supports anyone who is 18 and over and has experienced rape or serious sexual assault in adulthood, regardless of disability, gender identity, social class, marriage and civil partnership, race, ethnic origin, nationality, religion or belief, or sexual orientation.

    https://rapecrisisni.org.uk

  • Rape Crisis Scotland is Scotland’s leading organisation working to transform attitudes, improve responses and ultimately to end rape and sexual violence in all its forms.

    https://www.rapecrisisscotland.org.uk

  • SEEAWA ( South East And East Asian Women’s Association) has an urgent support fund for South East And East Asian women

    DETAILS HERE

  • Supporting and empowering women involved in prostitution to build and sustain a new life.

    STREETLIGHT

  • The SWOP is a confidential and non-judgemental service for self-identifying women sex workers who live or work in Brighton & Hove.

  • SWARM is a collective founded and led by sex workers who believe in self-determination, solidarity and co-operation. They campaign for the rights and safety of everyone who sells sexual services. They organise skill-shares and support meet-ups just for sex workers, as well as public events. (Part of the global sex worker led movement advocating the full decriminalisation of sex work.)

    SWARM